Osteoarthritis and inflammation of the human knee are the main causes of wear. The wear of the (cartilage/cartilage) sliding under healthy conditions, which is expected to be in the boundary regime, is almost invisible. In patients with osteoarthritis (OA), lubricin showed deficiencies in preventing damage to the articular cartilage and was found to be ineffective in reducing friction in arthritic cartilage. Loss of articular cartilage is often the first stage of osteoarthritis. The friction coefficient significantly increased above the typical value achieved under a normal joint function. Wear and tear on joints can lead to inflammation, breakdown of cartilage and development of osteoarthritis. Therefore, if the tissue is damaged, it cannot repair itself or regenerate and grow. Osteoarthritis is often referred to as wear and tear disease.
If the articular cartilage wears away completely, the bone rubs. The knee joint is one of the most common causes of damage owing to wear and tear (degeneration).
Its function is to make the joint surfaces very smooth and have low friction to allow smooth joint movements without wear and tear. The articular cartilage is a few millimeters thick and covers the surfaces of the ends of bones in the knee joint. However, deactivated phospholipid molecules are major indicator of cartilage wear (model) introduced in this study. These results are discussed in the context that surface active phospholipid (SAPL) and lubricin, each has specific roles in a lamellar-repulsive lubrication system. Cartilage wettability study clearly demonstrated a significant decrease in hydrophobicity, the contact angle, θ (theta), dropping from 103° from bovine healthy cartilage to 65° in surface partially depleted and 35.1° for completely depleted surface. Our lubrication mechanism was based on a surface active phospholipids (SAPL) multibilayer which in OA condition was deactivated and removed from the cartilage surface under OA conditions. While examining the surface properties of OA joints, we found that OA PLs molecules cannot support lubrication, and increased friction was observed. Phospholipids present in healthy and osteoarthritis (OA) synovial fluid show significant differences in their concentration. This study is designed to determine whether the outermost layer of articular cartilage is deficient in Osteoarthritis (OA).
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